Disorders of fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance
Hyperosmolality and/or hypernatremia
- excessive amount of sodium in the blood.
Hyposmolality and/or hyponatremia
- abnormally low sodium levels in the blood; salt depletion.
- Abnormally low blood sodium level.
- Hypernatremia; lower than normal levels of sodium in the circulating blood.
Acidosis
- pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate) content of the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration (decrease in pH).
- An abnormally high acidity (excess hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues.
- acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized; may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, leukemia, or liver failure.
- excess retention of carbon dioxide in the body resulting from ventilatory impairment.
- A state due to excess retention of carbon dioxide in the body.
- Acidosis resulted from any pathologic condition interfering with normal ventilation, e.g. in case of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis) A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream).
Alkalosis
- pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.
- An abnormally high alkalinity (low hydrogen-ion concentration) of the blood and other body tissues.
- A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of base, or from loss of acid without comparable loss of base in the body fluids, and characterized by decrease in hydrogen ion concentration.
- Condition characterized by excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body, often as a result of hyperventilation due to psychogenic or physical factors.
Mixed acid-base balance disorder
Volume depletion disorder
- abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body.
- Abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in body.
Volume depletion, unspecified
- abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body.
- Abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in body.
Dehydration
- condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.
- A condition caused by the loss of too much water from the body. Severe diarrhea or vomiting can cause dehydration.
- Decreased intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid. This refers to dehydration, water loss alone without change in sodium.
- State of excessively reduced body water or water deficit.
Hypovolemia
- abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body.
- Abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in body.
Fluid overload disorder
- Fluid retention, overload, or edema.
- abnormal increase in the volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body.
- Increased isotonic fluid retention
Hyperpotassemia
- abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion; characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities; in severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur.
- Hyperkalemia; higher than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood; associated with kidney failure or sometimes with the use of diuretic drugs.
Hypopotassemia
- abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; may result from excessive potassium loss by the renal or gastrointestinal route, from decreased intake, or from transcellular shifts; manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities, and by renal and gastrointestinal disorders.
- Hypokalemia; lower than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood.
- condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss; severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure; muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis; nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism.
Electrolyte and fluid disorders not elsewhere classified
- abnormally low level of chloride in the blood.
- Higher or lower than normal values for the serum electrolytes; usually affecting NA, K, CHL, CO2, glucose, bun.
